CHARGE：为什么重力占主导地位？

English | August 23rd, 2024 | ISBN: 0198885059 | 176 pages | True EPUB | 5.87 MB

Frank Close delves into fundamental particles and forces to find clues to a deep unsolved mystery of physics: why is matter neutral?

Human beings have long been aware of the electric and magnetic forces around us, from the electrostatic charge built up by rubbing amber with fur, to the pull of the lodestone, and scientific investigation showed that the two are intimately connected, as electromagnetism. Lightning shows how devastating electricity can be in nature, while humans learned to exploit the flow of negatively charged electrons that make up an electric current. In the early part of the 20th century, the experiments of Ernest Rutherford showed that at the heart of atoms lies a positively charged nucleus. The positive charge comes from protons. Atoms are neutral because the charges of the electron and proton cancel out. And that enables the much weaker force of gravity - always attractive - to dominate at large scales, building planets, stars, and galaxies. Things would have been very different, had the charges not cancelled.

As far as we know, the charges of the proton and electron are opposite and exactly equal, even though the proton is far bigger, and composed of three quarks tightly bound within it, while the electron is a fundamental particle. But why are they equal? This is one of the deepest unresolved puzzles of fundamental physics, and forms the driving force of this book. To explore the clues we have, Frank Close takes us on a journey into the quantum subatomic world of particles. He describes the strong and weak forces that operate alongside electromagnetism at these short ranges, and the colour and flavour charges that drive them, as well as the parallels between them, giving tantalizing hints of a deeper unity of all forces that is the dream of grand unification theories. Seeking an answer to why matter is neutral brings us to fundamental forces and particles, the Standard Model, the recently discovered Higgs boson, and the implications of grand unification for the stability of matter. Within this compact volume, Close packs in an extraordinarily rich account of our current understanding and the efforts of the latest ambitious experiments to probe further, and test theoretical possibilities such as the decay of protons.

中文| 2024年8月23日| ISBN:0198885059|176页| True EPUB | 5.87 MB Frank Close深入研究基本粒子和力，以寻找物理学一个未解之谜的线索：为什么物质是中性的？ 人类早就意识到我们周围的电力和磁力，从琥珀与皮毛摩擦产生的静电荷到天然磁石的拉力，科学调查表明，这两者是密切相关的，就像电磁学一样。闪电展示了自然界中电力的破坏性，而人类学会了利用构成电流的带负电荷的电子流。在20世纪初，欧内斯特·卢瑟福的实验表明，原子的核心是一个带正电的原子核。正电荷来自质子。原子是中性的，因为电子和质子的电荷相互抵消。这使得引力弱得多——总是有吸引力的——能够在大尺度上占据主导地位，建造行星、恒星和星系。如果收费没有取消，情况会大不相同。 据我们所知，质子和电子的电荷是相反的，并且完全相等，尽管质子要大得多，并且由三个紧密结合在其中的夸克组成，而电子是一个基本粒子。但为什么他们是平等的？这是基础物理学中最深的未解之谜之一，也是本书的动力所在。为了探索我们所掌握的线索，Frank Close带领我们踏上了粒子的量子亚原子世界之旅。他描述了在这些短距离内与电磁一起作用的强弱力量，以及驱动它们的颜色和味道电荷，以及它们之间的相似之处，给出了所有力量更深层次统一的诱人暗示，这是大统一理论的梦想。寻求为什么物质是中性的答案，让我们来到基本力和粒子、标准模型、最近发现的希格斯玻色子，以及大统一对物质稳定性的影响。在这本紧凑的书中，克洛斯对我们目前的理解以及最新雄心勃勃的实验所做的进一步探索和测试质子衰变等理论可能性的努力进行了非常丰富的描述。

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