阿努纳奇：古代美索不达米亚神的历史和遗产

English | July 8, 2024 | ASIN: B0D94T9MKN | 62 pages | EPUB | 5.29 Mb

The ancient world was full of many fantastic cities and places, and like today’s major cities, the great ancient cities were hubs of trade, religion, and science. Writing was first invented in ancient cities, and many important scientific discoveries were also made in them, some of which are still used in the modern world. Among the many cities of the ancient world, Rome and Athens may come to mind first, but the city of Babylon in the land of Mesopotamia was already an ancient, venerated city when the others were still inconsequential settlements.

The region’s religions continue to captivate people for many of the same reasons today’s best known religions and their histories fascinate people. The religion practiced by the ancient Mesopotamians provides a certain mix between the mundane and the surreal, and at the same time aspects of it are both familiar and bizarre to people today. Some find themselves drawn to it based on its preeminent position in religious history as the oldest documented religion in the world. Others become fascinated with the close connections between some of the Mesopotamian religious texts, which include a flood story, a creation story and a story of the righteous sufferer, and their parallels in the Hebrew Bible.

Today the Mesopotamians and their religion are sources of curiosity, but thousands of years ago, the religions were integral parts of their lives. From their birth to their death, deities surrounded them, and whether their social interactions were on the level of a smaller city or that of a larger nation-state, deities played key roles in the social fabric of their society. Whereas the Israelites were one people who worshipped a single god, Mesopotamian religions hailed from many sources that spanned thousands of years. For example, the Sumerian influence resulted in citizens worshipping many deities in Babylon during the Neo-Babylonian Empire.

In ancient Mesopotamia, families formed the basis of local communities, and from that core, states, kingdoms, and empires often derived their identity and legitimacy. Of course, the family unit also played a crucial role in the development of religious beliefs and myths, and one of the most influential is the Anunnaki. Scores of religious texts from ancient Mesopotamia – written in Sumerian cuneiform and Akkadian cuneiform – relate how the Anunnaki were the second generation of gods and goddesses. However, scholars debate their abilities, roles, and even which deities were considered among the Anunnaki. Many texts describe the Anunnaki collectively as guardians of the Underworld, yet in other texts, they are mentioned as protectors of the heavens, and in other texts, they are described as the weavers of human fate. Many of the members of the Anunnaki can be deduced, and sometimes their leaders were named, but it is important to note that none of the people in Mesopotamia ever worshipped this group as a collective. As a result, the Anunnaki’s mysterious and sometimes contradictory nature has resulted in interesting modern interpretations. Although some modern scholars have studied the Anunnaki, most of those studies have focused on specific members of the family, not the group as a whole.

英语|2024年7月8日|亚洲语：B0D94T9MKN|62页|EPUB | 5.29 Mb 古代世界充满了许多奇妙的城市和地方，就像今天的主要城市一样，伟大的古代城市是贸易、宗教和科学的中心。文字最早是在古代城市发明的，在那里也有许多重要的科学发现，其中一些至今仍在使用。在古代世界的众多城市中，罗马和雅典可能首先浮现在脑海中，但美索不达米亚土地上的巴比伦城已经是一座古老而受人尊敬的城市，而其他城市仍然是无关紧要的定居点。 该地区的宗教继续吸引着人们，原因与当今最著名的宗教及其历史吸引人们的原因相同。古代美索不达米亚人信奉的宗教在世俗和超现实之间提供了某种混合，同时，它的某些方面对今天的人们来说既熟悉又奇怪。一些人发现自己被它吸引是因为它在宗教史上作为世界上最古老的有记录宗教的卓越地位。其他人则对美索不达米亚的一些宗教文本之间的密切联系着迷，其中包括洪水故事、创世故事和正义受难者的故事，以及它们在希伯来圣经中的相似之处。 今天，美索不达米亚人及其宗教是人们好奇的源泉，但数千年前，宗教是他们生活中不可或缺的一部分。从他们出生到死亡，神灵一直围绕着他们，无论他们的社会互动是在较小的城市还是较大的民族国家层面，神灵都在他们社会的社会结构中发挥着关键作用。虽然以色列人是一个只崇拜一个神的民族，但美索不达米亚的宗教却有着数千年的渊源。例如，在新巴比伦帝国时期，苏美尔人的影响导致公民在巴比伦崇拜许多神灵。 在古代美索不达米亚，家庭构成了当地社区的基础，国家、王国和帝国往往从这一核心中获得身份和合法性。当然，家庭单位在宗教信仰和神话的发展中也发挥了至关重要的作用，其中最具影响力的是阿努纳奇人。来自古代美索不达米亚的数十篇宗教文本——用苏美尔楔形文字和阿卡德楔形文字写成——讲述了阿努纳奇人是如何成为第二代神和女神的。然而，学者们对他们的能力、角色，甚至阿努纳奇人中哪些神灵被认为存在争议。许多文本将阿努纳奇人统称为冥界的守护者，但在其他文本中，他们被称为天堂的保护者，在其他文本中将他们描述为人类命运的编织者。阿努纳奇的许多成员都可以推断出来，有时他们的领导人也会被点名，但重要的是要注意，美索不达米亚的人从未将这个群体作为一个集体崇拜过。因此，阿努纳奇人神秘且有时矛盾的本性导致了有趣的现代解释。尽管一些现代学者研究了阿努纳奇人，但这些研究大多集中在家庭的特定成员身上，而不是整个群体。

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