现代瞳孔光反射术：认知、神经科学和实际应用

English | 7 June 2024 | ISBN-10: 3031548957 | 469 pages| Epub PDF (True) | 44 MB

Pupillometry, the study of the eyes’ pupils, has a rich history, dating back to the 1800s. For example, to appear “dark with desire,” women once used atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade) as a cosmetic, because the atropine dilated their pupils, making them appear more romantically aroused. We now know that this relationship is largely driven by the activity of the sympathetic nervous system; specifically, a small brainstem nucleus known as the locus coeruleus (LC). Because of tight connections between the musculature of the eyes and LC, monitoring the pupils can reveal important insights into brain activity during mental processes. Many of these processes are related to attention and arousal (cognitive or emotional), with the LC controlling mental readiness via secretion of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. While these complicated neurochemical processes happen in the brain, they are often overtly observable via pupil dilation. Although pupillometry was popular in the 1960s and 1970s, it fell out of favor until experiencing a renaissance approximately 10 years ago. With the advent of new eye-tracking and neural recording technology, measuring (and analyzing) pupil size is now easier than ever. Because all modern eye-trackers use pupil size in the calculation of gaze location, they also provide researchers with moment-by-moment pupil size measures in output files. Although previously considered “extra” data to support gaze location analyses, researchers have begun to conduct eye-tracking studies solely to gain access to pupil size data. These data have been used to study thought processes in many domains, including cognitive science, psychopathologies, business/marketing, security contexts, and the study of addiction. The diversity of interest in pupillometry is matched by the diversity in approaches taken to data collection, analysis, and interpretation. To date, there exists no book or tutorial review devoted specifically to ensuring that researchers carry out rigorous and reproducible work across these varied domains. Modern Pupillometry

瞳孔测量，即研究眼睛的瞳孔，有着丰富的历史，可以追溯到19世纪。例如，为了显得“充满渴望”，女性曾经使用莨菪夜来色（一种致命的毒草）作为化妆品，因为阿托品可以使瞳孔扩张，从而让她们显得更加浪漫上瘾。如今我们知道这种关系主要由交感神经系统驱动；具体来说，是位于脑干中的一个名为基底核环状体（LC）的小脑区负责。由于眼睛肌肉与LC之间紧密的连接性，监测瞳孔可以揭示出大脑在执行认知过程时的活动状况。许多这些过程都与注意力和唤醒状态（无论是认知还是情绪性）有关，而LC通过分泌神经递质去甲肾上腺素来控制精神准备的状态。尽管复杂的大脑神经化学反应发生在大脑中，但它们经常可以通过瞳孔扩张来直观地观察到。虽然瞳孔测量在20世纪60年代和70年代非常流行，但在大约十年前再次复兴起来后就不再受欢迎了。随着新眼动追踪和神经记录技术的出现，现在测量（并分析）瞳孔大小变得前所未有的容易。因为所有现代的眼动追踪器都将瞳孔大小用于注视点位置计算中，它们也为研究人员提供了输出文件中的即时瞳孔大小指标。尽管以前被视为“额外数据”以支持注视点分析，但研究者们已经开始仅为了获得瞳孔大小的数据而进行眼动追踪研究。这些数据被用来在多个领域研究思维过程，包括认知科学、精神障碍、商业/市场营销、安全情境和药物成瘾的研究等领域。对于瞳孔测量的兴趣之广泛，与不同领域采取的不同收集、分析和解释数据的方法是匹配的。迄今为止，还没有专门针对确保研究人员在这些不同的领域中进行严格且可重复的工作的书或教程审查。现代瞳孔测量术

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