疫情与美国军事：疾病五次改变了战争进程

2023 | English | 1682477304 | EPUB | 288 pages | 5 MB

In Epidemics and the American Military, Dr. Jack McCallum examines the major role the military has played propagating and controlling disease throughout this nation’s history. The U.S. armed forces recruit young people from isolated rural areas and densely populated cities, many of whom have been exposed to a smorgasbord of germs. After training and living in close contact with each other for months, soldiers are shipped across countries and continents and meet civilians and other armies. McCallum argues that if one set out to design a perfect world for an aggressive pathogen, it would be hard to do better than an army at war.

There are four ways to combat epidemic infectious diseases: quarantine, altering the ecology in which infections spread, medical treatment of infection, and immunization. Each has played a specific but often overlooked role in American wars. A case can be made that General George Washington saved the American Revolution when he mandated inoculation of the Continental Army with smallpox. The Union Army might very well have taken Richmond in 1862 had it not been for an epidemic of typhoid fever during the Peninsular Campaign. Yellow fever was a proximate cause of the American invasion of Cuba in 1898, and its control enabled a continued U.S. presence on the island and in the rest of the Caribbean. Had it not been for influenza, German Gen. Erich Ludendorff might well have succeeded in his offensive in the closing years of World War I. Before senior Army and Naval officers recognized the importance of anti-malarial prophylaxis and forced its acceptance by hesitant troops, the World War II Solomon and New Guinea campaigns were in danger of collapsing.

在《疫病与美国军事》中，杰克·麦克拉姆博士探讨了军队在整个国家历史上所扮演的传播和控制疾病的重大角色。美国武装部队招募来自孤立农村地区和人口密集城市中的年轻人，这些人中有许多曾接触过各种各样的病原体。经过数月的训练并紧密接触后，士兵们被送往世界各地，并与平民和另一支军队会面。麦克拉姆认为，如果要设计一个适合一种侵略性病原体完美生存的世界，那没有比军队更理想的选择了。 对抗流行病传染性疾病有四种方法：隔离、改变传播感染的生态环境、对感染进行医疗治疗以及接种疫苗。每种方法都曾在美国战争中扮演过特定但常常被忽视的角色。可以认为，在大陆军要求他们接种天花时，乔治·华盛顿将军拯救了美国革命。如果在1862年没有发生佩内洛普战役期间的伤寒流行病，联邦军队就可能占领弗吉尼亚。在美国入侵古巴的1898年战争中，黄热病是美国行动的主要原因；控制黄热病使美国能够在岛国和加勒比地区继续存在。如果没有流感，德国将军埃里希·冯·鲁登道夫（Erich von Ludendorff）可能在第一次世界大战末期的成功进攻中取得了成功。 在二战初期，高级陆军和海军军官认识到抗疟疾预防的重要性，并强迫犹豫不决的士兵接受这一措施之前，世界大战中的所罗门群岛和新几内亚战役面临崩溃的风险。

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