《构建飞行模型》：Joseph R. Chambers著

English | PDF,EPUB | 2010 | 202 Pages | ISBN : 1494743299 | 11.56 MB

The state of the art in aeronautical engineering has been continually accelerated by the development of advanced analysis and design tools. Used in the early design stages for aircraft and spacecraft, these methods have provided a fundamental understanding of physical phenomena and enabled designers to predict and analyze critical characteristics of new vehicles, including the capability to control or modify unsatisfactory behavior. For example, the relatively recent emergence and routine use of extremely powerful digital computer hardware and software has had a major impact on design capabilities and procedures. Sophisticated new airflow measurement and visualization systems permit the analyst to conduct micro- and macro-studies of properties within flow fields on and off the surfaces of models in advanced wind tunnels. Trade studies of the most efficient geometrical shapes for aircraft can be conducted with blazing speed within a broad scope of integrated technical disciplines, and the use of sophisticated piloted simulators in the vehicle development process permits the most important segment of operations—the human pilot—to make early assessments of the acceptability of the vehicle for its intended mission. Knowledgeable applications of these tools of the trade dramatically reduce risk and redesign, and increase the marketability and safety of new aerospace vehicles. Arguably, one of the more viable and valuable design tools since the advent of flight has been testing of subscale models. As used herein, the term “model” refers to a physical article used in experimental analyses of a larger full-scale vehicle. The reader is probably aware that many other forms of mathematical and computer-based models are also used in aerospace design; however, such topics are beyond the intended scope of this document. Model aircraft have always been a source of fascination, inspiration, and recreation for humans since the earliest days of flight. Within the scientific community, Leonardo da Vinci, George Cayley, and the Wright brothers are examples of early aviation pioneers who frequently used models during their scientific efforts to understand and develop flying machines. Progress in the technology associated with model testing in worldwide applications has firmly established model aircraft as a key element in new aerospace research and development programs. Models are now routinely used in many applications and roles, including aerodynamic data gathering in wind tunnel investigations for the analysis of full-scale aircraft designs, proof-of-concept demonstrators for radical aeronautical concepts, and problem-solving exercises for vehicles already in production. The most critical contributions of aerospace models are to provide confidence and risk reduction for new designs and to enhance the safety and efficiency of existing configurations. The objective of the material presented here is to provide the reader with an overview of some of the more interesting free-flight model testing techniques that have been developed and the role that the testing has played in fundamental and applied research, as well as in support of the development of some of the Nation’s more important civil and military aerospace programs. The material also includes discussions of the development of the specialized facilities and equipment required for dynamic model tests.

航空工程领域的技术发展一直在加速，这得益于先进分析和设计工具的发展。这些方法最初用于飞机和太空船的设计阶段，它们提供了对物理现象的基本理解，并使设计师能够预测并分析新车辆的关键特性，包括控制或修改不良表现的能力。例如，近年来极强大的数字计算机硬件与软件的出现及其常规使用对设计能力和程序产生了重大影响。先进的空气动力学测量和可视化系统允许分析师在先进风洞模型内部外部的流场中进行微小尺度和宏观研究。可以以广泛的整合技术学科范围内以闪电般的速度进行飞机最高效的几何形状的贸易研究，利用复杂的有人驾驶模拟器在车辆开发过程中使用可以对最重要的操作之一——人驾驶员——做出早期评估该车辆是否适合其预定任务。这些工具的应用使知识大大降低了风险并减少了重新设计，并提高了新航天车辆的市场性和安全性。从飞行开始以来更可行和有价值的设别工具之一是减缩模型测试。在这里，术语“模型”指的是用于在实验分析中使用更大全尺寸车辆的物理物品。读者可能已经知道，在航空航天设计中还经常使用许多其他形式的数学和计算机模型；然而，这些主题超出了本文件的意图范围。从最早飞行时代开始人类总是对模型飞机充满了好奇、灵感和娱乐。在科学界，莱奥纳多·达·芬奇、乔治·卡耶克以及飞人的兄弟是早期航空先驱者，在他们的科学研究中经常使用模型来理解和发展飞行机器。全球范围内应用中的模型测试技术的进步已牢固确立了模型飞机作为新航空航天研究与开发项目的关键要素。现在，模型被广泛用于许多应用和角色，包括风洞试验中的空气动力学数据收集全尺寸飞机设计分析的证明概念演示以及针对已经投入生产的车辆解决问题。航空航天模型最重大的贡献是为新的设计提供信心及风险降低，并增强现有配置的安全性和效率。本材料的目标是向读者介绍一些开发和测试方法，这些方法旨在概述有趣的自由飞行模型试验技术，以及它们在基础研究和应用研究中的角色，在支持该国更多重要民用与军事航空航天计划方面的角色。此外还包括对动态模型试验所需的特殊设施和设备发展讨论。

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