流体与热力学卷3：结构和多相流体

English | PDF,EPUB | 2018 | 644 Pages | ISBN : 3319777440 | 50.70 MB

This third volume describes continuous bodies treated as classical (Boltzmann) and spin (Cosserat) continua or fluid mixtures of such bodies. It discusses systems such as Boltzmann continua (with trivial angular momentum) and Cosserat continua (with nontrivial spin balance) and formulates the balance law and deformation measures for these including multiphase complexities. Thermodynamics is treated in the spirit of Müller–Liu: it is applied to Boltzmann-type fluids in three dimensions that interact with neighboring fluids on two-dimensional contact surfaces and/or one-dimensional contact lines. For all these situations it formulates the balance laws for mass, momenta, energy, and entropy. Further, it introduces constitutive modeling for 3-, 2-, 3-d body parts for general processes and materially objective variable sets and their reduction to equilibrium and non-equilibrium forms.

Typical (reduced) fluid spin continua are liquid crystals. Prominent nematic examples of these include the Ericksen–Leslie–Parodi (ELP) formulation, in which material particles are equipped with material unit vectors (directors). Nematic liquid crystals with tensorial order parameters of rank 1 to n model substructure behavior better, and for both classes of these, the book analyzes the thermodynamic conditions of consistency.

Granular solid–fluid mixtures are generally modeled by complementing the Boltzmann laws with a balance of fluctuation (kinetic) energy of the particles. The book closes by presenting a full Reynolds averaging procedure that accounts for higher correlation terms e.g. a k-epsilon formulation in classical turbulence. However, because the volume fraction is an additional variable, the theory also incorporates ‘k-epsilon equations’ for the volume fraction.

第三卷描述了作为经典（Boltzmann）和旋（Cosserat）连续体或这样的连续体混合流体的连续体。它讨论了如Boltzmann连续体（具有平凡角动量）和Cosserat连续体（具有非平凡自旋平衡）这样的系统，并形式化了这些包括多相复杂性的平衡定律和变形度量。 热力学是遵循Müller-Liu的精神处理的；它被应用于三维度上的Boltzmann型流体，这些流体与相邻流体在二维接触表面或一维接触线上相互作用。对于所有上述情况，它都制定了质量、动量、能量和熵的平衡定律。此外，它还引入了一般过程下的3D、2D和3D块部分的构成性建模以及一般材料客观变量集及其简化为平衡态和非平衡态形式。 典型的（减小）流体旋连续体包括液晶。这些中最突出的例子有Ericksen-Leslie-Parodi (ELP)形式化，其中物质粒子配备了物质单位矢量（方向）。具有秩1到n的张量有序参数的向列性液晶模型更好地表示子结构行为，对于这两种类别的所有情况，本书分析了其热力学一致性条件。 固体颗粒流体混合物通常通过补充Boltzmann定律来完成粒子动能波动平衡（准静态能量）的平衡。本书以完整的Rexall平均方法结束，该方法考虑了诸如k-ε形式化之类的高相关项，例如经典湍流中的情形。然而，由于体积分数是一个额外变量，理论还包含“体积分数的k-ε方程”。

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