纳粹德国喷气工程师的命运：盟军在1945年及冷战期间的技术竞赛

English | 2024 | ISBN: 9781036111007 | 264 pages | True PDF EPUB | 34.06 MB

In April 1945, American forces were sweeping eastwards toward Berlin, in part advancing across territory that would eventually become part of the Soviet Occupation Zone. As they advanced, US troops uncovered major parts of the manufacturing facilities and the people associated with the engines that powered Germany’s last generation of miliary aircraft: the jet fighters and bombers.

Understandably, the engine technology involved in powering these aircraft, such as the Messerschmitt Me 262 and the Arado Ar 234, was of great interest to the Allied nations. Among the many questions that needed to be answered was whether the Germans had made important breakthroughs in their successful use of these engines.

Having made these discoveries and seizures, the American authorities needed to decide exactly what they would do with them. Would they share the bounty with the other Allies? American collaboration with the British was a fact. The French, while Allies, were, in American eyes, militarily unimportant in realizing the defeat of Nazi Germany. Sharing technology with them was not of great interest. The Soviets were far behind, but nevertheless ambitious and keen to catch up to western military capability. The Americans knew their relation to the Soviets was tense and confrontational: no sharing was likely there.

From their perspective, Hitler’s jet engineers faced not only a lost war, but the economic and intellectual realities that work in Germany would not be available. They had technical knowledge and experiences that were undeniably valuable to the Allied victors. These nations would be engaged in a new competition for control of world affairs that would be called the Cold War.

While the major technical interests were atomic bombs, guided missiles, and jet engines, it is the last of these that is explored here. What happened to the people and to the institutions they would staff? This is the story of some who found homes and work in the US and in France and some who were brutally abducted to the Soviet Union.

This is also the story of American decisions made regarding the German jet engineers and the consequences for them as people and propulsion technology for American, French, and Soviet aviation. The competitive stance between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies was one of the key elements of the Cold War that followed. It led to a brutal Russian view and execution of war reparations that elevated the Soviet Union into a powerful position to challenge the West.

1945年4月，美国军队向东推进，接近柏林，在此过程中他们发现了德国最后一次军事飞机——喷气式战斗机和轰炸机所依赖的制造设施及其相关发动机技术的重要部分。这些技术由苏联占领区的一部分后来会成为苏联占领区而得名。 考虑到能够驱动这些飞机的发动机技术对于盟国来说具有重大兴趣，因此很自然地，这些引擎，例如Messerschmitt Me 262和Arado Ar 234的成功使用是否产生了重要的突破问题受到了许多关注。 在发现并控制这些发现后，美国当局需要决定他们应该如何处理。他们会与其它盟友共享战利品吗？美英合作是一个事实，虽然法国是盟友，但在美国眼中，在实现战胜纳粹德国的目标中并无军事重要性，因此分享技术对他们来说并不有趣。苏联落后了许多，但仍然雄心勃勃地想要赶上西方的军事能力。美国了解其与苏联的关系紧张而对立：很显然不会共享。 从他们的角度来看，希特勒的喷气式引擎工程师既面临了一场已经失去的战争，也面临着德国的工作和技术无法用于经济和智力现实中的严峻挑战。这些国家会卷入一场新的世界事务控制竞赛，称为冷战。在这一竞赛中，美国、法国和苏联航空业的技术竞争是其中的关键因素。 尽管主要的技术兴趣在于原子弹和导弹，但本文探讨的是喷气发动机领域的情况。人们将如何安置他们以及将会由他们管理的机构？这是有人在美国找到了新家并在法国找到工作的故事，也有人被残酷地绑架到苏联的故事。 这也是美国人在冷战背景下对德国喷气工程师做出决定及其对于美国、法国和苏联航空业所产生的影响的故事。美苏之间的竞争立场是冷战中一个关键因素，导致了俄罗斯人眼中的残暴战争赔款执行，使苏联得以在挑战西方方面占据强有力的位置。

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